Editor's Note:
Pub. L. 117-169,
Sec. 13902, amended Sec. 41(h)(4), (5), with a delayed effective date
as indicated below.
I.R.C. § 41(a) General Rule —
For purposes of section 38,
the research credit determined under this section for the taxable
year shall be an amount equal to the sum of—
I.R.C. § 41(a)(1) —
20 percent of the excess (if any) of—
I.R.C. § 41(a)(1)(A) —
the qualified research expenses for
the taxable year, over
I.R.C. § 41(a)(1)(B) —
the base amount,
I.R.C. § 41(a)(2) —
20 percent of the basic research payments
determined under subsection (e)(1)(A), and
I.R.C. § 41(a)(3) —
20 percent of the amounts paid or incurred
by the taxpayer in carrying on any trade or business of the taxpayer
during the taxable year (including as contributions) to an energy
research consortium for energy research.
I.R.C. § 41(b) Qualified Research Expenses —
For purposes of this section—
I.R.C. § 41(b)(1) Qualified Research Expenses —
The term “qualified research expenses” means
the sum of the following amounts which are paid or incurred by the
taxpayer during the taxable year in carrying on any trade or business
of the taxpayer—
I.R.C. § 41(b)(1)(A) —
in-house research expenses, and
I.R.C. § 41(b)(1)(B) —
contract research expenses.
I.R.C. § 41(b)(2) In-House Research Expenses
I.R.C. § 41(b)(2)(A) In General —
The term “in-house research expenses” means—
I.R.C. § 41(b)(2)(A)(i) —
any wages paid or incurred to an employee
for qualified services performed by such employee,
I.R.C. § 41(b)(2)(A)(ii) —
any amount paid or incurred for supplies
used in the conduct of qualified research, and
I.R.C. § 41(b)(2)(A)(iii) —
under regulations prescribed by the
Secretary, any amount paid or incurred to another person for the right
to use computers in the conduct of qualified research.
Clause (iii) shall not apply to
any amount to the extent that the taxpayer (or any person with whom
the taxpayer must aggregate expenditures under subsection (f)(1))
receives or accrues any amount from any other person for the right
to use substantially identical personal property.
I.R.C. § 41(b)(2)(B) Qualified Services —
The term “qualified services” means services
consisting of—
I.R.C. § 41(b)(2)(B)(i) —
engaging in qualified research, or
I.R.C. § 41(b)(2)(B)(ii) —
engaging in the direct supervision
or direct support of research activities which constitute qualified
research.
If substantially all of the services
performed by an individual for the taxpayer during the taxable year
consists of services meeting the requirements of clause (i) or (ii),
the term “qualified services” means all of the services
performed by such individual for the taxpayer during the taxable year.
I.R.C. § 41(b)(2)(C) Supplies —
The term “supplies” means any tangible property
other than—
I.R.C. § 41(b)(2)(C)(i) —
land or improvements to land, and
I.R.C. § 41(b)(2)(C)(ii) —
property of a character subject to
the allowance for depreciation.
I.R.C. § 41(b)(2)(D) Wages
I.R.C. § 41(b)(2)(D)(i) In General —
The term “wages” has the meaning given such
term by section 3401(a).
I.R.C. § 41(b)(2)(D)(ii) Self-Employed Individuals And Owner-Employees —
In the case of an employee (within the meaning of section 401(c)(1)), the term “wages”
includes the earned income (as defined in section 401(c)(2)) of such employee.
I.R.C. § 41(b)(2)(D)(iii) Exclusion For Wages To Which Work Opportunity Credit Applies —
The term “wages” shall not include any amount
taken into account in determining the work opportunity credit under
section 51(a).
I.R.C. § 41(b)(3) Contract Research Expenses
I.R.C. § 41(b)(3)(A) In General —
The term “contract research expenses” means
65 percent of any amount paid or incurred by the taxpayer to any person
(other than an employee of the taxpayer) for qualified research.
I.R.C. § 41(b)(3)(B) Prepaid Amounts —
If any contract research expenses paid or incurred during
any taxable year are attributable to qualified research to be conducted
after the close of such taxable year, such amount shall be treated
as paid or incurred during the period during which the qualified research
is conducted.
I.R.C. § 41(b)(3)(C) Amounts Paid To Certain Research Consortia
I.R.C. § 41(b)(3)(C)(i) In General —
Subparagraph (A) shall be applied by substituting “75
percent” for “65 percent” with respect to amounts
paid or incurred by the taxpayer to a qualified research consortium
for qualified research on behalf of the taxpayer and 1 or more unrelated
taxpayers. For purposes of the preceding sentence, all persons treated
as a single employer under subsection (a) or (b) of section 52 shall be treated as related taxpayers.
I.R.C. § 41(b)(3)(C)(ii) Qualified Research Consortium —
The term “qualified research consortium”
means any organization which—
I.R.C. § 41(b)(3)(C)(ii)(I) —
is described in section 501(c)(3) or 501(c)(6) and is exempt from
tax under section 501(a),
I.R.C. § 41(b)(3)(C)(ii)(II) —
is organized and operated primarily
to conduct scientific research, and
I.R.C. § 41(b)(3)(C)(ii)(III) —
is not a private foundation.
I.R.C. § 41(b)(3)(D) Amounts Paid To Eligible Small Businesses, Universities, And
Federal Laboratories
I.R.C. § 41(b)(3)(D)(i) In General —
In the case of amounts paid by the taxpayer to—
I.R.C. § 41(b)(3)(D)(i)(I) —
an eligible small business,
I.R.C. § 41(b)(3)(D)(i)(II) —
an institution of higher education
(as defined in section 3304(f)),
or
I.R.C. § 41(b)(3)(D)(i)(III) —
an organization which is a Federal
laboratory, for qualified research which is energy research, subparagraph
(A) shall be applied by substituting “100 percent” for “65
percent”.
I.R.C. § 41(b)(3)(D)(ii) Eligible Small Business —
For purposes of this subparagraph, the term “eligible
small business” means a small business with respect to which
the taxpayer does not own (within the meaning of section 318) 50 percent or more of—
I.R.C. § 41(b)(3)(D)(ii)(I) —
in the case of a corporation, the outstanding
stock of the corporation (either by vote or value), and
I.R.C. § 41(b)(3)(D)(ii)(II) —
in the case of a small business which
is not a corporation, the capital and profits interests of the small
business.
I.R.C. § 41(b)(3)(D)(iii) Small Business —
For purposes of this subparagraph—
I.R.C. § 41(b)(3)(D)(iii)(I) In General —
The term “small business” means, with respect
to any calendar year, any person if the annual average number of employees
employed by such person during either of the 2 preceding calendar
years was 500 or fewer. For purposes of the preceding sentence, a
preceding calendar year may be taken into account only if the person
was in existence throughout the year.
I.R.C. § 41(b)(3)(D)(iii)(II) Startups, Controlled Groups, And Predecessors —
Rules similar to the rules of subparagraphs (B) and (D) of section 220(c)(4) shall apply for
purposes of this clause.
I.R.C. § 41(b)(3)(D)(iv) Federal Laboratory —
For purposes of this subparagraph, the term “Federal
laboratory'” has the meaning given such term by section 4(6)
of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C. 3703(6)), as in effect
on the date of the enactment of the Energy Tax Incentives Act of 2005.
I.R.C. § 41(b)(4) Trade Or Business Requirement Disregarded For In-House Research
Expenses Of Certain Startup Ventures —
In the case of in-house research expenses, a taxpayer
shall be treated as meeting the trade or business requirement of paragraph
(1) if, at the time such in-house research expenses are paid or incurred,
the principal purpose of the taxpayer in making such expenditures
is to use the results of the research in the active conduct of a future
trade or business—
I.R.C. § 41(b)(4)(A) —
of the taxpayer, or
I.R.C. § 41(b)(4)(B) —
of 1 or more other persons who with
the taxpayer are treated as a single taxpayer under subsection (f)(1).
I.R.C. § 41(c) Base Amount
I.R.C. § 41(c)(1) In General —
The term “base amount” means the product
of—
I.R.C. § 41(c)(1)(A) —
the fixed-base percentage, and
I.R.C. § 41(c)(1)(B) —
the average annual gross receipts of
the taxpayer for the 4 taxable years preceding the taxable year for
which the credit is being determined (hereinafter in this subsection
referred to as the “credit year”).
I.R.C. § 41(c)(2) Minimum Base Amount —
In no event shall the base amount be less than 50 percent
of the qualified research expenses for the credit year.
I.R.C. § 41(c)(3) Fixed-Base Percentage
I.R.C. § 41(c)(3)(A) In General —
Except as otherwise provided in this paragraph, the
fixed-base percentage is the percentage which the aggregate qualified
research expenses of the taxpayer for taxable years beginning after
December 31, 1983, and before January 1, 1989, is of the aggregate
gross receipts of the taxpayer for such taxable years.
I.R.C. § 41(c)(3)(B) Start-Up Companies
I.R.C. § 41(c)(3)(B)(i) Taxpayers To Which Subparagraph Applies —
The fixed-base percentage shall be determined under
this subparagraph if—
I.R.C. § 41(c)(3)(B)(i)(I) —
the first taxable year in which a taxpayer
had both gross receipts and qualified research expenses begins after
December 31, 1983, or
I.R.C. § 41(c)(3)(B)(i)(II) —
there are fewer than 3 taxable years
beginning after December 31, 1983, and before January 1, 1989, in
which the taxpayer had both gross receipts and qualified research
expenses.
I.R.C. § 41(c)(3)(B)(ii) Fixed-Base Percentage —
In a case to which this subparagraph applies, the fixed-base
percentage is—
I.R.C. § 41(c)(3)(B)(ii)(I) —
3 percent for each of the taxpayer's
1st 5 taxable years beginning after December 31, 1993, for which the
taxpayer has qualified research expenses,
I.R.C. § 41(c)(3)(B)(ii)(II) —
in the case of the taxpayer's 6th such
taxable year, 1/6 of the percentage which the aggregate qualified
research expenses of the taxpayer for the 4th and 5th such taxable
years is of the aggregate gross receipts of the taxpayer for such
years,
I.R.C. § 41(c)(3)(B)(ii)(III) —
in the case of the taxpayer's 7th
such taxable year, 1/3 of the percentage which the aggregate qualified
research expenses of the taxpayer for the 5th and 6th such taxable
years is of the aggregate gross receipts of the taxpayer for such
years,
I.R.C. § 41(c)(3)(B)(ii)(IV) —
in the case of the taxpayer's 8th such
taxable year, 1/2 of the percentage which the aggregate qualified
research expenses of the taxpayer for the 5th, 6th, and 7th such taxable
years is of the aggregate gross receipts of the taxpayer for such
years,
I.R.C. § 41(c)(3)(B)(ii)(V) —
in the case of the taxpayer's 9th such
taxable year, 2/3 of the percentage which the aggregate qualified
research expenses of the taxpayer for the 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th such
taxable years is of the aggregate gross receipts of the taxpayer for
such years,
I.R.C. § 41(c)(3)(B)(ii)(VI) —
in the case of the taxpayer's 10th
such taxable year, 5/6 of the percentage which the aggregate qualified
research expenses of the taxpayer for the 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, and
9th such taxable years is of the aggregate gross receipts of the taxpayer
for such years, and
I.R.C. § 41(c)(3)(B)(ii)(VII) —
for taxable years thereafter, the
percentage which the aggregate qualified research expenses for any
5 taxable years selected by the taxpayer from among the 5th through
the 10th such taxable years is of the aggregate gross receipts of
the taxpayer for such selected years.
I.R.C. § 41(c)(3)(B)(iii) Treatment Of De Minimis Amounts Of Gross Receipts And Qualified
Research Expenses —
The Secretary may prescribe regulations providing that
de minimis amounts of gross receipts and qualified research expenses
shall be disregarded under clauses (i) and (ii).
I.R.C. § 41(c)(3)(C) Maximum Fixed-Base Percentage —
In no event shall the fixed-base percentage exceed 16
percent.
I.R.C. § 41(c)(3)(D) Rounding —
The percentages determined under subparagraphs (A) and
(B)(ii) shall be rounded to the nearest 1/100th of 1 percent.
I.R.C. § 41(c)(4) Election Of Alternative Simplified Credit
I.R.C. § 41(c)(4)(A) In General —
At the election of the taxpayer, the credit determined
under subsection (a)(1) shall be equal to 14 percent of so much of
the qualified research expenses for the taxable year as exceeds 50
percent of the average qualified research expenses for the 3 taxable
years preceding the taxable year for which the credit is being determined.
I.R.C. § 41(c)(4)(B) Special Rule In Case Of No Qualified Research Expenses In Any
Of 3 Preceding Taxable Years
I.R.C. § 41(c)(4)(B)(i) Taxpayers To Which Subparagraph Applies —
The credit under this paragraph shall be determined
under this subparagraph if the taxpayer has no qualified research
expenses in any one of the 3 taxable years preceding the taxable year
for which the credit is being determined.
I.R.C. § 41(c)(4)(B)(ii) Credit Rate —
The credit determined under this subparagraph shall
be equal to 6 percent of the qualified research expenses for the taxable
year.
I.R.C. § 41(c)(4)(C) Election —
An election under this paragraph shall apply to the
taxable year for which made and all succeeding taxable years unless
revoked with the consent of the Secretary.
I.R.C. § 41(c)(5) Consistent Treatment Of Expenses Required
I.R.C. § 41(c)(5)(A) In General —
Notwithstanding whether the period for filing a claim
for credit or refund has expired for any taxable year taken into account
in determining the fixed-base percentage, the qualified research expenses
taken into account in computing such percentage shall be determined
on a basis consistent with the determination of qualified research
expenses for the credit year.
I.R.C. § 41(c)(5)(B) Prevention Of Distortions —
The Secretary may prescribe regulations to prevent distortions
in calculating a taxpayer's qualified research expenses or gross receipts
caused by a change in accounting methods used by such taxpayer between
the current year and a year taken into account in computing such taxpayer's
fixed-base percentage.
I.R.C. § 41(c)(6) Gross Receipts —
For purposes of this subsection, gross receipts for
any taxable year shall be reduced by returns and allowances made during
the taxable year. In the case of a foreign corporation, there shall
be taken into account only gross receipts which are effectively connected
with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States,
the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, or any possession of the United States.
I.R.C. § 41(d) Qualified Research Defined —
For purposes of this section—
I.R.C. § 41(d)(1) In General —
The term “qualified research” means research—
I.R.C. § 41(d)(1)(A) —
with respect to which expenditures may
be treated as specified research or experimental expenditures under
section 174,
I.R.C. § 41(d)(1)(B) —
which is undertaken for the purpose
of discovering information—
I.R.C. § 41(d)(1)(B)(i) —
which is technological in nature, and
I.R.C. § 41(d)(1)(B)(ii) —
the application of which is intended
to be useful in the development of a new or improved business component
of the taxpayer, and
I.R.C. § 41(d)(1)(C) —
substantially all of the activities
of which constitute elements of a process of experimentation for a
purpose described in paragraph (3).
Such term does not include any activity
described in paragraph (4).
I.R.C. § 41(d)(2) Tests To Be Applied Separately To Each Business Component —
For purposes of this subsection—
I.R.C. § 41(d)(2)(A) In General —
Paragraph (1) shall be applied separately with respect
to each business component of the taxpayer.
I.R.C. § 41(d)(2)(B) Business Component Defined —
The term “business component” means any
product, process, computer software, technique, formula, or invention
which is to be—
I.R.C. § 41(d)(2)(B)(i) —
held for sale, lease, or license, or
I.R.C. § 41(d)(2)(B)(ii) —
used by the taxpayer in a trade or
business of the taxpayer.
I.R.C. § 41(d)(2)(C) Special Rule For Production Processes —
Any plant process, machinery, or technique for commercial
production of a business component shall be treated as a separate
business component (and not as part of the business component being
produced).
I.R.C. § 41(d)(3) Purposes For Which Research May Qualify For Credit —
For purposes of paragraph (1)(C)—
I.R.C. § 41(d)(3)(A) In General —
Research shall be treated as conducted for a purpose
described in this paragraph if it relates to—
I.R.C. § 41(d)(3)(A)(i) —
a new or improved function,
I.R.C. § 41(d)(3)(A)(ii) —
performance, or
I.R.C. § 41(d)(3)(A)(iii) —
reliability or quality.
I.R.C. § 41(d)(3)(B) Certain Purposes Not Qualified —
Research shall in no event be treated as conducted for
a purpose described in this paragraph if it relates to style, taste,
cosmetic, or seasonal design factors.
I.R.C. § 41(d)(4) Activities For Which Credit Not Allowed —
The term “qualified research” shall not
include any of the following:
I.R.C. § 41(d)(4)(A) Research After Commercial Production —
Any research conducted after the beginning of commercial
production of the business component.
I.R.C. § 41(d)(4)(B) Adaptation Of Existing Business Components —
Any research related to the adaptation of an existing
business component to a particular customer's requirement or need.
I.R.C. § 41(d)(4)(C) Duplication Of Existing Business Component —
Any research related to the reproduction of an existing
business component (in whole or in part) from a physical examination
of the business component itself or from plans, blueprints, detailed
specifications, or publicly available information with respect to
such business component.
I.R.C. § 41(d)(4)(D) Surveys, Studies, Etc. —
Any—
I.R.C. § 41(d)(4)(D)(i) —
efficiency survey,
I.R.C. § 41(d)(4)(D)(ii) —
activity relating to management function
or technique,
I.R.C. § 41(d)(4)(D)(iii) —
market research, testing, or development
(including advertising or promotions),
I.R.C. § 41(d)(4)(D)(iv) —
routine data collection, or
I.R.C. § 41(d)(4)(D)(v) —
routine or ordinary testing or inspection
for quality control.
I.R.C. § 41(d)(4)(E) Computer Software —
Except to the extent provided in regulations, any research
with respect to computer software which is developed by (or for the
benefit of) the taxpayer primarily for internal use by the taxpayer,
other than for use in—
I.R.C. § 41(d)(4)(E)(i) —
an activity which constitutes qualified
research (determined with regard to this subparagraph), or
I.R.C. § 41(d)(4)(E)(ii) —
a production process with respect to
which the requirements of paragraph (1) are met.
I.R.C. § 41(d)(4)(F) Foreign Research —
Any research conducted outside the United States, the
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, or any possession of the United States.
I.R.C. § 41(d)(4)(G) Social Sciences, Etc. —
Any research in the social sciences, arts, or humanities.
I.R.C. § 41(d)(4)(H) Funded Research —
Any research to the extent funded by any grant, contract,
or otherwise by another person (or governmental entity).
I.R.C. § 41(e) Credit Allowable With Respect To Certain Payments To Qualified
Organizations For Basic Research —
For purposes of this section—
I.R.C. § 41(e)(1) In General —
In the case of any taxpayer who makes basic research
payments for any taxable year—
I.R.C. § 41(e)(1)(A) —
the amount of basic research payments
taken into account under subsection (a)(2) shall be equal to the excess
of—
I.R.C. § 41(e)(1)(A)(i) —
such basic research payments, over
I.R.C. § 41(e)(1)(A)(ii) —
the qualified organization base period
amount, and
I.R.C. § 41(e)(1)(B) —
that portion of such basic research
payments which does not exceed the qualified organization base period
amount shall be treated as contract research expenses for purposes
of subsection (a)(1).
I.R.C. § 41(e)(2) Basic Research Payments Defined —
For purposes of this subsection—
I.R.C. § 41(e)(2)(A) In General —
The term “basic research payment” means,
with respect to any taxable year, any amount paid in cash during such
taxable year by a corporation to any qualified organization for basic
research but only if—
I.R.C. § 41(e)(2)(A)(i) —
such payment is pursuant to a written
agreement between such corporation and such qualified organization,
and
I.R.C. § 41(e)(2)(A)(ii) —
such basic research is to be performed
by such qualified organization.
I.R.C. § 41(e)(2)(B) Exception To Requirement That Research Be Performed By The Organization —
In the case of a qualified organization described in
subparagraph (C) or (D) of paragraph (6), clause (ii) of subparagraph
(A) shall not apply.
I.R.C. § 41(e)(3) Qualified Organization Base Period Amount —
For purposes of this subsection, the term “qualified
organization base period amount” means an amount equal to the
sum of—
I.R.C. § 41(e)(3)(A) —
the minimum basic research amount, plus
I.R.C. § 41(e)(3)(B) —
the maintenance-of-effort amount.
I.R.C. § 41(e)(4) Minimum Basic Research Amount —
For purposes of this subsection—
I.R.C. § 41(e)(4)(A) In General —
The term “minimum basic research amount”
means an amount equal to the greater of—
I.R.C. § 41(e)(4)(A)(i) —
1 percent of the average of the sum
of amounts paid or incurred during the base period for—
I.R.C. § 41(e)(4)(A)(i)(I) —
any in-house research expenses, and
I.R.C. § 41(e)(4)(A)(i)(II) —
any contract research expenses, or
I.R.C. § 41(e)(4)(A)(ii) —
the amounts treated as contract research
expenses during the base period by reason of this subsection (as in
effect during the base period).
I.R.C. § 41(e)(4)(B) Floor Amount —
Except in the case of a taxpayer which was in existence
during a taxable year (other than a short taxable year) in the base
period, the minimum basic research amount for any base period shall
not be less than 50 percent of the basic research payments for the
taxable year for which a determination is being made under this subsection.
I.R.C. § 41(e)(5) Maintenance-Of-Effort Amount —
For purposes of this subsection—
I.R.C. § 41(e)(5)(A) In General —
The term “maintenance-of-effort amount”
means, with respect to any taxable year, an amount equal to the excess
(if any) of—
I.R.C. § 41(e)(5)(A)(i) —
an amount equal to—
I.R.C. § 41(e)(5)(A)(i)(I) —
the average of the nondesignated university
contributions paid by the taxpayer during the base period, multiplied
by
I.R.C. § 41(e)(5)(A)(i)(II) —
the cost-of-living adjustment for the
calendar year in which such taxable year begins, over
I.R.C. § 41(e)(5)(A)(ii) —
the amount of nondesignated university
contributions paid by the taxpayer during such taxable year.
I.R.C. § 41(e)(5)(B) Nondesignated University Contributions —
For purposes of this paragraph, the term “nondesignated
university contribution” means any amount paid by a taxpayer
to any qualified organization described in paragraph (6)(A)—
I.R.C. § 41(e)(5)(B)(i) —
for which a deduction was allowable
under section 170,
and
I.R.C. § 41(e)(5)(B)(ii) —
which was not taken into account—
I.R.C. § 41(e)(5)(B)(ii)(I) —
in computing the amount of the credit
under this section (as in effect during the base period) during any
taxable year in the base period, or
I.R.C. § 41(e)(5)(B)(ii)(II) —
as a basic research payment for purposes
of this section.
I.R.C. § 41(e)(5)(C) Cost-Of-Living Adjustment Defined
I.R.C. § 41(e)(5)(C)(i) In General —
The cost-of-living adjustment for any calendar year
is the cost-of-living adjustment for such calendar year determined
under section 1(f)(3),
by substituting “calendar year 1987” for “calendar
year 2016” in subparagraph (A)(ii) thereof.
I.R.C. § 41(e)(5)(C)(ii) Special Rule Where Base Period Ends In A Calendar Year Other
Than 1983 Or 1984 —
If the base period of any taxpayer does not end in 1983
or 1984, section 1(f)(3)(A)(ii) shall,
for purposes of this paragraph, be applied by substituting the calendar
year in which such base period ends for 2016. Such substitution shall
be in lieu of the substitution under clause (i).
I.R.C. § 41(e)(6) Qualified Organization —
For purposes of this subsection, the term “qualified
organization” means any of the following organizations:
I.R.C. § 41(e)(6)(A) Educational Institutions —
Any educational organization which—
I.R.C. § 41(e)(6)(A)(i) —
is an institution of higher education
(within the meaning of section 3304(f)),
and
I.R.C. § 41(e)(6)(A)(ii) —
is described in section 170(b)(1)(A)(ii).
I.R.C. § 41(e)(6)(B) Certain Scientific Research Organizations —
Any organization not described in subparagraph (A) which—
I.R.C. § 41(e)(6)(B)(i) —
is described in section 501(c)(3) and is exempt from
tax under section 501(a),
I.R.C. § 41(e)(6)(B)(ii) —
is organized and operated primarily
to conduct scientific research, and
I.R.C. § 41(e)(6)(B)(iii) —
is not a private foundation.
I.R.C. § 41(e)(6)(C) Scientific Tax-Exempt Organizations —
Any organization which—
I.R.C. § 41(e)(6)(C)(i) —
is described in—
I.R.C. § 41(e)(6)(C)(i)(I) —
section 501(c)(3) (other than a private
foundation), or
I.R.C. § 41(e)(6)(C)(i)(II) —
section 501(c)(6),
I.R.C. § 41(e)(6)(C)(ii) —
is exempt from tax under section 501(a),
I.R.C. § 41(e)(6)(C)(iii) —
is organized and operated primarily
to promote scientific research by qualified organizations described
in subparagraph (A) pursuant to written research agreements, and
I.R.C. § 41(e)(6)(C)(iv) —
currently expends—
I.R.C. § 41(e)(6)(C)(iv)(I) —
substantially all of its funds, or
I.R.C. § 41(e)(6)(C)(iv)(II) —
substantially all of the basic research
payments received by it, for grants to, or contracts for basic research
with, an organization described in subparagraph (A).
I.R.C. § 41(e)(6)(D) Certain Grant Organizations —
Any organization not described in subparagraph (B) or
(C) which—
I.R.C. § 41(e)(6)(D)(i) —
is described in section 501(c)(3) and is exempt from
tax under section 501(a) (other
than a private foundation),
I.R.C. § 41(e)(6)(D)(ii) —
is established and maintained by an
organization established before July 10, 1981, which meets the requirements
of clause (i),
I.R.C. § 41(e)(6)(D)(iii) —
is organized and operated exclusively
for the purpose of making grants to organizations described in subparagraph
(A) pursuant to written research agreements for purposes of basic
research, and
I.R.C. § 41(e)(6)(D)(iv) —
makes an election, revocable only with
the consent of the Secretary, to be treated as a private foundation
for purposes of this title (other than section 4940, relating to excise tax based
on investment income).
I.R.C. § 41(e)(7) Definitions And Special Rules —
For purposes of this subsection—
I.R.C. § 41(e)(7)(A) Basic Research —
The term “basic research” means any original
investigation for the advancement of scientific knowledge not having
a specific commercial objective, except that such term shall not include—
I.R.C. § 41(e)(7)(A)(i) —
basic research conducted outside of
the United States, and
I.R.C. § 41(e)(7)(A)(ii) —
basic research in the social sciences,
arts, or humanities.
I.R.C. § 41(e)(7)(B) Base Period —
The term “base period” means the 3-taxable-year
period ending with the taxable year immediately preceding the 1st
taxable year of the taxpayer beginning after December 31, 1983.
I.R.C. § 41(e)(7)(C) Exclusion From Incremental Credit Calculation —
For purposes of determining the amount of credit allowable
under subsection (a)(1) for any taxable year, the amount of the basic
research payments taken into account under subsection (a)(2)—
I.R.C. § 41(e)(7)(C)(i) —
shall not be treated as qualified research
expenses under subsection (a)(1)(A), and
I.R.C. § 41(e)(7)(C)(ii) —
shall not be included in the computation
of base amount under subsection (a)(1)(B).
I.R.C. § 41(e)(7)(D) Trade Or Business Qualification —
For purposes of applying subsection (b)(1) to this subsection,
any basic research payments shall be treated as an amount paid in
carrying on a trade or business of the taxpayer in the taxable year
in which it is paid (without regard to the provisions of subsection
(b)(3)(B)).
I.R.C. § 41(e)(7)(E) Certain Corporations Not Eligible —
The term “corporation” shall not include—
I.R.C. § 41(e)(7)(E)(i) —
an S corporation,
I.R.C. § 41(e)(7)(E)(ii) —
a personal holding company (as defined
in section 542),
or
I.R.C. § 41(e)(7)(E)(iii) —
a service organization (as defined
in section 414(m)(3)).
I.R.C. § 41(f) Special Rules —
For purposes of this section—
I.R.C. § 41(f)(1) Aggregation Of Expenditures
I.R.C. § 41(f)(1)(A) Controlled Group Of Corporations —
In determining the amount of the credit under this section—
I.R.C. § 41(f)(1)(A)(i) —
all members of the same controlled group
of corporations shall be treated as a single taxpayer, and
I.R.C. § 41(f)(1)(A)(ii) —
the credit (if any) allowable by this
section to each such member shall be determined on a proportionate
basis to its share of the aggregate of the qualified research expenses,
basic research payments, and amounts paid or incurred to energy research
consortiums, taken into account by such controlled group for purposes
of this section.
I.R.C. § 41(f)(1)(B) Common Control —
Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, in determining
the amount of the credit under this section—
I.R.C. § 41(f)(1)(B)(i) —
all trades or businesses (whether or
not incorporated) which are under common control shall be treated
as a single taxpayer, and
I.R.C. § 41(f)(1)(B)(ii) —
the credit (if any) allowable by this
section to each such person shall be determined on a proportionate
basis to its share of the aggregate of the qualified research expenses,
basic research payments, and amounts paid or incurred to energy research
consortiums, taken into account by all such persons under common control
for purposes of this section.
The regulations prescribed under
this subparagraph shall be based on principles similar to the principles
which apply in the case of subparagraph (A).
I.R.C. § 41(f)(2) Allocations
I.R.C. § 41(f)(2)(A) Pass-Thru In The Case Of Estates And Trusts —
Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, rules
similar to the rules of subsection (d) of
section 52 shall
apply.
I.R.C. § 41(f)(2)(B) Allocation In The Case Of Partnerships —
In the case of partnerships, the credit shall be allocated
among partners under regulations prescribed by the Secretary.
I.R.C. § 41(f)(3) Adjustments For Certain Acquisitions, Etc. —
Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary—
I.R.C. § 41(f)(3)(A) Acquisitions
I.R.C. § 41(f)(3)(A)(i) In General —
If a person acquires the major portion of either a trade
or business or a separate unit of a trade or business (hereinafter
in this paragraph referred to as the “acquired business”)
of another person (hereinafter in this paragraph referred to as the “predecessor”),
then the amount of qualified research expenses paid or incurred by
the acquiring person during the measurement period shall be increased
by the amount determined under clause (ii), and the gross receipts
of the acquiring person for such period shall be increased by the
amount determined under clause (iii).
I.R.C. § 41(f)(3)(A)(ii) Amount Determined With Respect To Qualified Research Expenses —
The amount determined under this clause is—
I.R.C. § 41(f)(3)(A)(ii)(I) —
for purposes of applying this section
for the taxable year in which such acquisition is made, the acquisition
year amount, and
I.R.C. § 41(f)(3)(A)(ii)(II) —
for purposes of applying this section
for any taxable year after the taxable year in which such acquisition
is made, the qualified research expenses paid or incurred by the predecessor
with respect to the acquired business during the measurement period.
I.R.C. § 41(f)(3)(A)(iii) Amount Determined With Respect To Gross Receipts —
The amount determined under this clause is the amount
which would be determined under clause (ii) if “the gross receipts
of” were substituted for “the qualified research expenses
paid or incurred by” each place it appears in clauses (ii) and
(iv).
I.R.C. § 41(f)(3)(A)(iv) Acquisition Year Amount —
For purposes of clause (ii), the acquisition year amount
is the amount equal to the product of—
I.R.C. § 41(f)(3)(A)(iv)(I) —
the qualified research expenses paid
or incurred by the predecessor with respect to the acquired business
during the measurement period, and
I.R.C. § 41(f)(3)(A)(iv)(II) —
the number of days in the period beginning
on the date of the acquisition and ending on the last day of the taxable
year in which the acquisition is made,
divided by the number of days in
the acquiring person's taxable year.
I.R.C. § 41(f)(3)(A)(v) Special Rules For Coordinating Taxable Years —
In the case of an acquiring person and a predecessor
whose taxable years do not begin on the same date—
I.R.C. § 41(f)(3)(A)(v)(I) —
each reference to a taxable year in clauses
(ii) and (iv) shall refer to the appropriate taxable year of the acquiring
person,
I.R.C. § 41(f)(3)(A)(v)(II) —
the qualified research expenses paid
or incurred by the predecessor, and the gross receipts of the predecessor,
during each taxable year of the predecessor any portion of which is
part of the measurement period shall be allocated equally among the
days of such taxable year,
I.R.C. § 41(f)(3)(A)(v)(III) —
the amount of such qualified research
expenses taken into account under clauses (ii) and (iv) with respect
to a taxable year of the acquiring person shall be equal to the total
of the expenses attributable under subclause (II) to the days occurring
during such taxable year, and
I.R.C. § 41(f)(3)(A)(v)(IV) —
the amount of such gross receipts taken
into account under clause (iii) with respect to a taxable year of
the acquiring person shall be equal to the total of the gross receipts
attributable under subclause (II) to the days occurring during such
taxable year.
I.R.C. § 41(f)(3)(A)(vi) Measurement Period —
For purposes of this subparagraph, the term “measurement
period” means, with respect to the taxable year of the acquiring
person for which the credit is determined, any period of the acquiring
person preceding such taxable year which is taken into account for
purposes of determining the credit for such year.
I.R.C. § 41(f)(3)(B) Dispositions —
If the predecessor furnished to the acquiring person
such information as is necessary for the application of subparagraph
(A), then, for purposes of applying this section for any taxable year
ending after such disposition, the amount of qualified research expenses
paid or incurred by, and the gross receipts of, the predecessor during
the measurement period (as defined in subparagraph (A)(vi), determined
by substituting “predecessor” for “acquiring person”
each place it appears) shall be reduced by
I.R.C. § 41(f)(3)(B)(i) —
in the case of the taxable year in which
such disposition is made, an amount equal to the product of—
I.R.C. § 41(f)(3)(B)(i)(I) —
the qualified research expenses paid
or incurred by, or gross receipts of, the predecessor with respect
to the acquired business during the measurement period (as so defined
and so determined), and
I.R.C. § 41(f)(3)(B)(i)(II) —
the number of days in the period beginning
on the date of acquisition (as determined for purposes of subparagraph
(A)(iv)(II)) and ending on the last day of the taxable year of the
predecessor in which the disposition is made,
divided by the number of days in
the taxable year of the predecessor, and
I.R.C. § 41(f)(3)(B)(ii) —
in the case of any taxable year ending
after the taxable year in which such disposition is made, the amount
described in clause (i)(I).
I.R.C. § 41(f)(3)(C) Certain Reimbursements Taken Into Account In Determining Fixed-Base
Percentage —
If during any of the 3 taxable years following the taxable
year in which a disposition to which subparagraph (B) applies occurs,
the disposing taxpayer (or a person with whom the taxpayer is required
to aggregate expenditures under paragraph (1)) reimburses the acquiring
person (or a person required to so aggregate expenditures with such
person) for research on behalf of the taxpayer, then the amount of
qualified research expenses of the taxpayer for the taxable years
taken into account in computing the fixed-base percentage shall be
increased by the lesser of—
I.R.C. § 41(f)(3)(C)(i) —
the amount of the decrease under subparagraph
(B) which is allocable to taxable years so taken into account, or
I.R.C. § 41(f)(3)(C)(ii) —
the product of the number of taxable
years so taken into account, multiplied by the amount of the reimbursement
described in this subparagraph.
I.R.C. § 41(f)(4) Short Taxable Years —
In the case of any short taxable year, qualified research
expenses and gross receipts shall be annualized in such circumstances
and under such methods as the Secretary may prescribe by regulation.
I.R.C. § 41(f)(5) Controlled Group Of Corporations —
The term “controlled group of corporations”
has the same meaning given to such term by section 1563(a), except that—
I.R.C. § 41(f)(5)(A) —
“more than 50 percent” shall
be substituted for “at least 80 percent” each place it
appears in section 1563(a)(1),
and
I.R.C. § 41(f)(5)(B) —
the determination shall be made without
regard to subsections (a)(4) and (e)(3)(C) of section 1563.
I.R.C. § 41(f)(6) Energy Research Consortium
I.R.C. § 41(f)(6)(A) In General —
The term “energy research consortium” means
any organization—
I.R.C. § 41(f)(6)(A)(i) —
which is—
I.R.C. § 41(f)(6)(A)(i)(I) —
described in section 501(c)(3) and is exempt from
tax under section 501(a) and
is organized and operated primarily to conduct energy research, or
I.R.C. § 41(f)(6)(A)(i)(II) —
organized and operated primarily to
conduct energy research in the public interest (within the meaning
of section 501(c)(3)),
I.R.C. § 41(f)(6)(A)(ii) —
which is not a private foundation,
I.R.C. § 41(f)(6)(A)(iii) —
to which at least 5 unrelated persons
paid or incurred during the calendar year in which the taxable year
of the organization begins amounts (including as contributions) to
such organization for energy research, and
I.R.C. § 41(f)(6)(A)(iv) —
to which no single person paid or incurred
(including as contributions) during such calendar year an amount equal
to more than 50 percent of the total amounts received by such organization
during such calendar year for energy research.
I.R.C. § 41(f)(6)(B) Treatment Of Persons —
All persons treated as a single employer under subsection (a) or (b) of section 52 shall be treated as related persons
for purposes of subparagraph (A)(iii) and as a single person for purposes
of subparagraph (A)(iv).
I.R.C. § 41(f)(6)(C) Foreign Research —
For purposes of subsection (a)(3), amounts paid or incurred
for any energy research conducted outside the United States, the Commonwealth
of Puerto Rico, or any possession of the United States shall not be
taken into account.
I.R.C. § 41(f)(6)(D) Denial Of Double Benefit —
Any amount taken into account under subsection (a)(3)
shall not be taken into account under paragraph (1) or (2) of subsection
(a).
I.R.C. § 41(f)(6)(E) Energy Research —
The term “energy research” does not include
any research which is not qualified research.
I.R.C. § 41(g) Special Rule For Pass-Thru Of Credit —
In the case of an individual who—
I.R.C. § 41(g)(1) —
owns an interest in an unincorporated
trade or business,
I.R.C. § 41(g)(2) —
is a partner in a partnership,
I.R.C. § 41(g)(3) —
is a beneficiary of an estate or trust,
or
I.R.C. § 41(g)(4) —
is a shareholder in an S corporation,
the amount determined
under subsection (a) for any taxable year shall not exceed an amount
(separately computed with respect to such person's interest in such
trade or business or entity) equal to the amount of tax attributable
to that portion of a person's taxable income which is allocable or
apportionable to the person's interest in such trade or business or
entity. If the amount determined under subsection (a) for any taxable
year exceeds the limitation of the preceding sentence, such amount
may be carried to other taxable years under the rules of section 39; except that the limitation of
the preceding sentence shall be taken into account in lieu of the
limitation of section 38(c) in
applying section 39.
I.R.C. § 41(h) Treatment Of Credit For Qualified Small Businesses
I.R.C. § 41(h)(1) In General —
At the election of a qualified small business for any
taxable year, section 3111(f) shall
apply to the payroll tax credit portion of the credit otherwise determined
under subsection (a) for the taxable year and such portion shall not
be treated (other than for purposes of section
280C) as a credit determined under subsection (a).
I.R.C. § 41(h)(2) Payroll Tax Credit Portion —
For purposes of this subsection, the payroll tax credit
portion of the credit determined under subsection (a) with respect
to any qualified small business for any taxable year is the least
of—
I.R.C. § 41(h)(2)(A) —
the amount specified in the election
made under this subsection,
I.R.C. § 41(h)(2)(B) —
the credit determined under subsection
(a) for the taxable year (determined before the application of this
subsection), or
I.R.C. § 41(h)(2)(C) —
in the case of a qualified small
business other than a partnership or S corporation, the amount of
the business credit carryforward under section
39 carried from the taxable year (determined before
the application of this subsection to the taxable year).
I.R.C. § 41(h)(3) Qualified Small Business —
For purposes of this subsection—
I.R.C. § 41(h)(3)(A) In General —
The term “qualified small business”
means, with respect to any taxable year—
I.R.C. § 41(h)(3)(A)(i) —
a corporation or partnership, if—
I.R.C. § 41(h)(3)(A)(i)(I) —
the gross receipts (as determined
under the rules of section
448(c)(3), without regard to subparagraph (A) thereof) of such entity
for the taxable year is less than $5,000,000, and
I.R.C. § 41(h)(3)(A)(i)(II) —
such entity did not have gross receipts
(as so determined) for any taxable year preceding the 5-taxable-year
period ending with such taxable year, and
I.R.C. § 41(h)(3)(A)(ii) —
any person (other than a corporation
or partnership) who meets the requirements of subclauses (I) and (II)
of clause (i), determined—
I.R.C. § 41(h)(3)(A)(ii)(I) —
by substituting “person”
for “entity” each place it appears, and
I.R.C. § 41(h)(3)(A)(ii)(II) —
by only taking into account the aggregate
gross receipts received by such person in carrying on all trades or
businesses of such person.
I.R.C. § 41(h)(3)(B) Limitation —
Such term shall not include an organization
which is exempt from taxation under section
501.
I.R.C. § 41(h)(4) Election
I.R.C. § 41(h)(4)(A) In General —
Any election under this subsection
for any taxable year—
I.R.C. § 41(h)(4)(A)(i) —
shall specify the amount of the credit
to which such election applies,
I.R.C. § 41(h)(4)(A)(ii) —
shall be made on or before the due
date (including extensions) of—
I.R.C. § 41(h)(4)(A)(ii)(I) —
in the case of a qualified small business
which is a partnership, the return required to be filed under section 6031,
I.R.C. § 41(h)(4)(A)(ii)(II) —
in the case of a qualified small business
which is an S corporation, the return required to be filed under section 6037, and
I.R.C. § 41(h)(4)(A)(ii)(III) —
in the case of any other qualified
small business, the return of tax for the taxable year, and
I.R.C. § 41(h)(4)(A)(iii) —
may be revoked only with the consent
of the Secretary.
I.R.C. § 41(h)(4)(B) Limitations —
Editor's Note: Sec. 41(h)(4)(B)(i), below, before amendment
by Pub. L. 117-169, Sec. 13902(a),
is effective for taxable years beginning before January 1, 2023.
I.R.C. § 41(h)(4)(B)(i) Amount —
The amount specified in any election made under this
subsection shall not exceed $250,000.
Editor's Note: Sec. 41(h)(4)(B)(i), below, after amendment
by Pub. L. 117-169, Sec. 13902(a),
is effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2022.
I.R.C. § 41(h)(4)(B)(i) Amount
I.R.C. § 41(h)(4)(B)(i)(I) In General —
The amount specified in any election made under this
subsection shall not exceed $250,000.
I.R.C. § 41(h)(4)(B)(i)(II) Increase —
In the case of taxable years beginning after December
31, 2022, the amount in subclause (I) shall be increased by $250,000.
I.R.C. § 41(h)(4)(B)(ii) Number Of Taxable Years —
A person may not make an election under this subsection
if such person (or any other person treated as a single taxpayer with
such person under paragraph (5)(A)) has made an election under this
subsection for 5 or more preceding taxable years.
I.R.C. § 41(h)(4)(C) Special Rule For Partnerships And S Corporations —
In the case of a qualified small
business which is a partnership or S corporation, the election made
under this subsection shall be made at the entity level.
I.R.C. § 41(h)(5) Aggregation Rules
I.R.C. § 41(h)(5)(A) In General —
Except as provided in subparagraph
(B), all persons or entities treated as a single taxpayer under subsection
(f)(1) shall be treated as a single taxpayer for purposes of this
subsection.
I.R.C. § 41(h)(5)(B) Special Rules —
For purposes of this subsection and section 3111(f)—
I.R.C. § 41(h)(5)(B)(i) —
each of the persons treated as a single
taxpayer under subparagraph (A) may separately make the election under
paragraph (1) for any taxable year, and
Editor's Note: Sec. 41(h)(5)(B)(ii), below, before amendment
by Pub. L. 117-169, Sec. 13902(c),
is effective for taxable years beginning before January 1, 2023.
I.R.C. § 41(h)(5)(B)(ii) —
the $250,000 amount under paragraph
(4)(B)(i) shall be allocated among all persons treated as a single
taxpayer under subparagraph (A) in the same manner as under subparagraph
(A)(ii) or (B)(ii) of subsection (f)(1), whichever is applicable.
Editor's Note: Sec. 41(h)(5)(B)(ii), below, after amendment
by Pub. L. 117-169, Sec. 13902(c),
is effective for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2022.
I.R.C. § 41(h)(5)(B)(ii) —
each of the $250,000 amounts under paragraph
(4)(B)(i) shall be allocated among all persons treated as a single
taxpayer under subparagraph (A) in the same manner as under subparagraph
(A)(ii) or (B)(ii) of subsection (f)(1), whichever is applicable.
I.R.C. § 41(h)(6) Regulations —
The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may
be necessary to carry out the purposes of this subsection, including—
I.R.C. § 41(h)(6)(A) —
regulations to prevent the avoidance
of the purposes of the limitations and aggregation rules under this
subsection through the use of successor companies or other means,
I.R.C. § 41(h)(6)(B) —
regulations to minimize compliance
and record-keeping burdens under this subsection, and
I.R.C. § 41(h)(6)(C) —
regulations for recapturing the benefit
of credits determined under section
3111(f) in cases where there is a subsequent adjustment
to the payroll tax credit portion of the credit determined under subsection
(a), including requiring amended income tax returns in the cases where
there is such an adjustment.
(Added by Pub. L. 97-34, title II, Sec. 221(a),
Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 241, Sec. 44F, and amended Pub. L. 97-354, Sec. 5(a)(3),
Oct. 19, 1982, 96 Stat. 1692; Pub.
L. 97-448, title I, Sec. 102(b)(2), Jan. 12, 1983,
96 Stat. 2372; renumbered Sec. 30 and amended Pub. L. 98-369, div. A, title IV,
Sec. 471(c), 474(i)(1), title VI, Sec. 612(e)(1), July 18, 1984, 98
Stat. 826, 831, 912; renumbered Sec. 41 and amended Pub. L. 99-514, title II, Sec. 231(a)(1),
(b), (c), (d)(2), (3)(C)(ii), (e), title XVIII, Sec. 1847(b)(1), Oct.
22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2173, 2175, 2178-2180, 2856; Pub. L. 100-647, title I, Sec. 1002(h)(1),
title IV, Sec. 4007(a), 4008(b)(1), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3370,
3652; Pub. L. 101-239,
title VII, Sec. 7110(a)(1), (b), (b)((c)), 7814(e)(2)(C), Dec. 19,
1989, 103 Stat. 2322, 2323, 2325, 2414; Pub.
L. 101-508, title XI, Sec. 11101(d)(1)(C), 11402(a),
Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388-405, 1388-473; Pub. L. 102-227, title I, Sec. 102(a),
Dec. 11, 1991, 105 Stat. 1686; Pub. L. 103-66, Sec. 13111(a)(1),
13112(a), (b), 13201(b)(3)(C), Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 312; Pub. L. 104-188, Sec. 1201,
1204, Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1755; Pub.
L. 105-34, title VI, Sec. 601, Aug. 5, 1997, 111
Stat. 788; Pub. L. 105-277,
title I, Sec. 1001(a), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681; Pub. L. 106-170, title V, Sec. 502,
Dec. 17, 1999, 113 Stat. 1860; Pub.
L. 108-311, title III, Sec. 301(a), Oct. 4, 2004,
118 Stat. 1166; Pub. L. 109-58,
title XIII, Sec. 1351, Aug. 8, 2005, 119 Stat. 594; Pub. L. 109-135, title IV, Sec.
402(l), Dec. 21, 2005, 119 Stat. 2257; Pub.
L. 109-432, div. A, title I, Sec. 104, Dec. 20, 2006,
120 Stat. 2922; Pub. L. 110-172,
Sec. 6(c), 11(e)(2), Dec. 29, 2007, 121 Stat. 2473; Pub. L. 110-343, Div. C, Sec. 301,
Oct. 3, 2008, 122 Stat. 3765; Pub.
L. 111-312, Sec. 731(a), Dec. 17, 2010, 124 Stat.
3296; Pub. L. 112-240,
title III, Sec. 301, Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 2313; Pub. L. 113-295, Div. A, title I,
Sec. 111(a), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 4010; Pub.
L. 114-113, Div. Q, title I, Sec. 121, Dec. 18, 2015; Pub. L. 115-97, title I, Sec. 11002(d)(1)(F),
(d)(2), 13206(d)(1), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2054; Pub. L. 115-141, Div. U, title I, Sec.
101(c), title IV, Sec. 401(b)(6), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 348; Pub.
L. 117-169, title I, Sec. 13902(a)(1), (2), (c), Aug. 16,
2022, 136 Stat. 1818.)
BACKGROUND NOTES
AMENDMENTS
2022 — Subsec. (h)(4)(B)(i). Pub. L. 117-169, Sec. 13902(a)(1), (2),
amended clause (i). Before amendment, it read as follows: “(i)
Amount.—The amount specified in any election made under this
subsection shall not exceed $250,000.”
Subsec. (h)(5)(B)(ii). Pub.
L. 117-169, Sec. 13902(c), amended clause (ii) by substituting “each
of the $250,000 amounts” for “the $250,000 amount”.
2018 — Subsec. (c)(4)(A). Pub. L. 115-141, Div. U, Sec. 401(b)(6),
amended subpar. (A) by striking “(12 percent in the case of
taxable years ending before January 1, 2009)”.
Subsec. (c)(4)–(7). Pub.
L. 115-141, Div. U, Sec. 101(c)(1)–(2), amended subsec.
(c) by striking par. (4) and by redesignating par. (5)–(7) as
(4)–(6), respectively. Before being struck, par. (4) read as
follows:
“(4) Election Of Alternative Incremental
Credit.—
“(A) In General.—At the election of
the taxpayer, the credit determined under subsection (a)(1) shall
be equal to the sum of—
“(i) 3 percent of so much of the qualified
research expenses for the taxable year as exceeds 1 percent of the
average described in subsection (c)(1)(B) but does not exceed 1.5
percent of such average,
“(ii) 4 percent of so much of such expenses
as exceeds 1.5 percent of such average but does not exceed 2 percent
of such average, and
“(iii) 5 percent of so much of such expenses
as exceeds 2 percent of such average.
“(B) Election.—An election under this
paragraph shall apply to the taxable year for which made and all succeeding
taxable years unless revoked with the consent of the Secretary.”
Subsec. (c)(4)(C). Pub.
L. 115-141, Div. U, Sec. 101(c)(3), amended subpar. (C)
by striking the last sentence. Before being struck, it read as follows: “An
election under this paragraph may not be made for any taxable year
to which an election under paragraph (4) applies.”
2017 — Subsec. (d)(1)(A). Pub. L. 115-97, Sec. 13206(d)(1),
amended subpar. (A) by substituting ‘‘specified research
or experimental expenditures under section 174” for ‘‘expenses
under section 174’’.
Subsec. (e)(5)(C)(i). Pub. L. 115-97, Sec. 11002(d)(1)(F),
amended clause (i) by substituting “for ‘calendar year
2016’ in subparagraph (A)(ii)” for ‘‘for ‘calendar
year 1992’ in subparagraph (B)’.
Subsec. (e)(5)(C)(ii). Pub. L. 115-97, Sec. 11002(d)(2),
amended clause (ii) by substituting “(1)(f)(3)(A)(ii)”
for “1(f)(3)(B)”, and substituting “2016”
for “1992”.
2015 — Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 114-113, Div. Q, Sec. 121(a)(1),
struck subsec. (h). Before being struck, it read as follows:
“(h) Termination.—
“(1) In General.—This section shall
not apply to any amount paid or incurred after December 31, 2014.
“(2) Termination Of Alternative Incremental
Credit.—No election under subsection (c)(4) shall apply to taxable
years beginning after December 31, 2008.
“(3) Computation For Taxable Year In Which
Credit Terminates.—In the case of any taxable year with respect
to which this section applies to a number of days which is less than
the total number of days in such taxable year—
“(A) the amount determined under subsection
(c)(1)(B) with respect to such taxable year shall be the amount which
bears the same ratio to such amount (determined without regard to
this paragraph) as the number of days in such taxable year to which
this section applies bears to the total number of days in such taxable
year, and
“(B) for purposes of subsection (c)(5), the
average qualified research expenses for the preceding 3 taxable years
shall be the amount which bears the same ratio to such average qualified
research expenses (determined without regard to this paragraph) as
the number of days in such taxable year to which this section applies
bears to the total number of days in such taxable year.”
Subsec. (h). Pub. L.
114-113, Div. Q, Sec. 121(c)(1), added a new subsec. (h).
2014 — Subsec. (h)(1). Pub. L. 113-295, Div. A, Sec. 111(a),
amended par. (1) by substituting “paid or incurred after December
31, 2014” for “paid or incurred—(A) after June 30,
1995, and before July 1, 1996, or (B) after December 31, 2013”.
2013 — Subsec. (f)(1)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 112-240, Sec.
301(c)(1), amended clause (ii) by substituting “shall be determined
on a proportionate basis to its share of the aggregate of the qualified
research expenses, basic research payments, and amounts paid or incurred
to energy research consortiums, taken into account by such controlled
group for purposes of this section” for “shall be its
proportionate shares of the qualified research expenses, basic research
payments, and amounts paid or incurred to energy research consortiums,
giving rise to the credit”.
Subsec. (f)(1)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 112-240, Sec.
301(c)(2), amended clause (ii) by substituting “shall be determined
on a proportionate basis to its share of the aggregate of the qualified
research expenses, basic research payments, and amounts paid or incurred
to energy research consortiums, taken into account by all such persons
under common control for purposes of this section” for “shall
be its proportionate shares of the qualified research expenses, basic
research payments, and amounts paid or incurred to energy research
consortiums, giving rise to the credit”.
Subsec. (f)(3)(A). Pub. L. 112-240, Sec.
301(b)(1), amended subpar. (A). Before amendment, it read as follows:
“(A) Acquisitions.—If, after December
31, 1983, a taxpayer acquires the major portion of a trade or business
of another person (hereinafter in this paragraph referred to as the ‘predecessor')
or the major portion of a separate unit of a trade or business of
a predecessor, then, for purposes of applying this section for any
taxable year ending after such acquisition, the amount of qualified
research expenses paid or incurred by the taxpayer during periods
before such acquisition shall be increased by so much of such expenses
paid or incurred by the predecessor with respect to the acquired trade
or business as is attributable to the portion of such trade or business
or separate unit acquired by the taxpayer, and the gross receipts
of the taxpayer for such periods shall be increased by so much of
the gross receipts of such predecessor with respect to the acquired
trade or business as is attributable to such portion.”
Subsec. (f)(3)(B). Pub. L. 112-240, Sec.
301(b)(2), amended subpar (B). Before amendment, it read as follows:
“(B) Dispositions.—If, after December
31, 1983—
“(i) a taxpayer disposes of the major portion
of any trade or business or the major portion of a separate unit of
a trade or business in a transaction to which subparagraph (A) applies,
and
“(ii) the taxpayer furnished the acquiring
person such information as is necessary for the application of subparagraph
(A),
then, for purposes of applying this section for
any taxable year ending after such disposition, the amount of qualified
research expenses paid or incurred by the taxpayer during periods
before such disposition shall be decreased by so much of such expenses
as is attributable to the portion of such trade or business or separate
unit disposed of by the taxpayer, and the gross receipts of the taxpayer
for such periods shall be decreased by so much of the gross receipts
of such predecessor with respect to the acquired trade or business
as is attributable to such portion.”
Subsec. (h)(1)(B). Pub. L. 112-240, Sec.
301(a)(1), amended subpar. (B) by substituting “December 31,
2013” for “December 31, 2011”.
2010 — Subsec. (h)(1)(B). Pub. L. 111-312, Sec. 731(a),
amended subpar. (B) by substituting “December 31, 2011”
for “December 31, 2009”.
2008 — Subsec. (c)(5)(A). Pub. L. 110-343, Div. C, Sec. 301(c),
amended subpar. (A) by substituting “14 percent (12 percent
in the case of taxable years ending before January 1, 2009)”
for “12 percent”.
Subsec. (h)(1)(B). Pub.
L. 110-343, Div. C, Sec. 301(a)(1), amended subpar.
(B) by substituting “December 31, 2009” for “December
31, 2007”.
Subsec. (h). Pub.
L. 110-343, Div. C, Sec. 301(b), amended subsec.
(h) by redesignating par. (2) as par. (3) and by adding par. (2).
Subsec. (h)(3). Pub.
L. 110-343, Div. C, Sec. 301(d), amended subsec.
(h) by amending par. (3), as redesignated. Before amendment, it read
as follows:
“(3) Computation Of Base Amount.—In
the case of any taxable year with respect to which this section applies
to a number of days which is less than the total number of days in
such taxable year, the base amount with respect to such taxable year
shall be the amount which bears the same ratio to the base amount
for such year (determined without regard to this paragraph) as the
number of days in such taxable year to which this section applies
bears to the total number of days in such taxable year.”
2007 — Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 110-172, Sec. 6(c)(1),
amended par. (2) by inserting “for energy research” before
the period at the end.
Subsec. (f)(1)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 110-172, Sec. 11(e)(2),
amended clause (ii) by substituting “qualified research expenses,
basic research payments, and amounts paid or incurred to energy research
consortiums,” for “qualified research expenses and basic
research payments”.
Subsec. (f)(1)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 110-172, Sec. 11(e)(2),
amended clause (ii) by substituting “qualified research expenses,
basic research payments, and amounts paid or incurred to energy research
consortiums,” for “qualified research expenses and basic
research payments”.
Subsec. (f)(6)(E). Pub. L. 110-172, Sec. 6(c)(2),
amended par. (6) by adding subpar. (E).
2006 — Subsec. (c)(4)(A). Pub. L. 109-432, Sec.
104(b)(1), amended subpar. (A) by substituting “3 percent”
for “2.65 percent”; “4 percent” for “3.2
percent”; and “5 percent” for “3.75 percent”.
Subsec. (c)(5)–(6). Pub. L. 109-432, Sec.
104(c)(1), amended subsec. (c) by redesignating par. (5) and (6) as
par. (6) and (7), respectively, and by adding new par. (5).
Subsec. (h)(1)(B). Pub. L. 109-432, Sec.
104(a)(1), amended subpar. (B) by substituting “2007”
for “2005”.
2005 — Subsec. (b)(3)(C)(ii). Pub. L. 109-135, Sec.
402(l)(2), amended clause (ii) by striking “(other than an energy
research consortium)” after “organization”.
Subsec. (f)(6)(C)–(D). Pub. L. 109-135, Sec.
402(l)(1), added subpar. (C) and (D).
Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109-58, Sec. 1351(a)(1),
amended subsec. (a) by striking “and” at the end of par.
(1); by substituting “, and” for the period at the end
of par. (2); and by adding par. (3).
Subsec. (b)(3)(C). Pub. L. 109-58, Sec. 1351(a)(3),
amended subpar. (C) by inserting “(other than an energy research
consortium)” after “organization”.
Subsec. (b)(3)(D). Pub. L. 109-58, Sec. 1351(b),
added subpar. (D).
Subsec. (f)(6). Pub. L. 109-58, Sec. 1351(a)(2),
added par. (6).
2004 — Subsec. (h)(1)(B). Pub. L. 108-311, Sec.
301(a)(1), amended subpar. (B) by substituting “December 31,
2005” for “June 30, 2004”.
1999 — Subsec. (c)(4)(A). Pub. L. 106-170, Sec.
502(b)(1), amended subpar. (A) by substituting “2.65 percent”
for “1.65 percent”, “3.2 percent” for “2.2
percent”, and “3.75 percent” for “2.75 percent”.
Subsec. (c)(6). Pub. L. 106-170, Sec.
502(c)(1), amended par. (6) by inserting the language following “United
States”.
Subsec. (d)(4)(F). Pub. L. 106-170, Sec.
502(c)(1), amended subpar. (F) by inserting the language following “United
States”.
Subsec. (h)(1). Pub. L. 106-170, Sec.
502(a)(1)(A), amended par. (1) by substituting “June 30, 2004”
for “June 30, 1999” and be striking the material following
subpar. (B). Before being struck, it read as follows:
“Notwithstanding the preceding
sentence, in the case of a taxpayer making an election under subsection
(c)(4) for its first taxable year beginning after June 30, 1996, and
before July 1, 1997, this section shall apply to amounts paid or incurred
during the 36-month period beginning with the first month of such
year. The 36 months referred to in the preceding sentence shall be
reduced by the number of full months after June 1996 (and before the
first month of such first taxable year) during which the taxpayer
paid or incurred any amount which is taken into account in determining
the credit under this section.”
1998 — Subsec. (h)(1). Pub. L. 105-277, Sec. 1001(a),
amended par. (1) by substituting “June 30, 1999” for “June
30, 1998”; “36-month” for “24-month”;
and “36 months” for “24 months”.
1997 — Subsec. (c)(4)(B). Pub. L. 105-34, Sec. 601(b)(1),
amended subpar. (B). Prior to amendment it read as follows:
“(B) Election.—An
election under this paragraph may be made only for the first taxable
year of the taxpayer beginning after June 30, 1996. Such an election
shall apply to the taxable year for which made and all succeeding
taxable years unless revoked with the consent of the Secretary.”
Subsec. (h)(1). Pub.
L. 105-34, Sec. 601(a), substituted “June 30,
1998” for “May 31, 1997”; and struck “during
the first 11 months of such taxable year.” in the last sentence
and inserted “during the 24-month period beginning with the
first month of such year. The 24 months referred to in the preceding
sentence shall be reduced by the number of full months after June
1996 (and before the first month of such first taxable year) during
which the taxpayer paid or incurred any amount which is taken into
account in determining the credit under this section.”
1996 — Subsec. (b)(2)(D)(iii). Pub. L. 104-188, Sec.
1201(e)(1), substituted “work opportunity credit” for “targeted
jobs credit”.
Subsec. (b)(2)(D)(iii). Pub. L. 104-188, Sec.
1201(e)(4), substituted “Work Opportunity Credit” for “Targeted
Jobs Credit” in the heading.
Subsec. (b)(3)(C). Pub. L. 104-188, Sec. 1204(d),
added subpar. (C).
Subsec. (c)(3)(B). Pub. L. 104-188, Sec. 1204(b),
amended clause (i). Before amendment, clause (i) read as follows:
“(i) Taxpayers To Which
Subparagraph Applies.—The fixed-base percentage shall be determined
under this subparagraph if there are fewer than 3 taxable years beginning
after December 31, 1983, and before January 1, 1989, in which the
taxpayer had both gross receipts and qualified research expenses.”
Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 104-188, Sec. 1204(c),
redesignated pars. (4) and (5) as pars. (5) and (6), respectively,
and added a new par. (4).
Subsec. (h). Pub.
L. 104-188, Sec. 1204(a), amended subsec. (h). Before
amendment, subsec. (h) read as follows:
“(h) Termination.—
“(1) In General.—This section shall
not apply to any amount paid or incurred after June 30, 1995.
“(2) Computation Of Base Amount.—In
the case of any taxable year which begins before July 1, 1995, and
ends after June 30, 1995, the base amount with respect to such taxable
year shall be the amount which bears the same ratio to the base amount
for such year (determined without regard to this paragraph) as the
number of days in such taxable year before July 1, 1995, bears to
the total number of days in such taxable year.”
1993 — Subsec. (c)(3)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 103-66, Sec. 13112(a),
amended clause (ii), which formerly read: “(ii) Fixed-Base Percentage.—In
a case to which this subparagraph applies, the fixed-base percentage
is 3 percent.”
Subsec. (c)(3)(B)(iii). Pub. L. 103-66, Sec.
13112(b)(1), amended clause (iii) by striking “clause (i)”
and inserting “clauses (i) and (ii)”.
Subsec. (c)(3)(D). Pub. L. 103-66, Sec.
13112(b)(2), amended subparagraph (D) by striking “subparagraph
(A)” and inserting “subparagraphs (A) and (B)(ii)”.
Subsec. (e)(5)(C). Pub. L. 103-66, Sec.
13201(b)(3)(C), amended subparagraph (C) by striking “1989”
each place it appeared and inserting “1992”.
Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 103-66, Sec.
13111(a)(1), amended subsection (h) by striking “June 30, 1992”
each place it appeared and inserting “June 30, 1995”,
and by striking “July 1, 1992” each place it appeared
and inserting “July 1, 1995”.
1991 — Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 102-227, Sec. 102(a),
substituted “June 30, 1992” for “December 31, 1991”
each place it appeared, and substituted “July 1, 1992”
for “January 1, 1992” each place it appeared.
1990 — Subsec. (e)(5)(C)(i). Pub. L. 101-508,
Sec. 11101(d)(1)(C)(i), inserted before period at end “, by
substituting ‘calendar year 1987” for ‘calendar year 1989”
in subparagraph (B) thereof’.
Subsec. (e)(5)(C)(ii). Pub. L. 101-508,
Sec. 11101(d)(1)(C)(ii), (iii), substituted “1989” for “1987”
and inserted at end “Such substitution shall be in lieu of the
substitution under clause (i).”
Subsec. (h). Pub.
L. 101-508, Sec. 11402(a), substituted “December
31, 1991” for “December 31, 1990” wherever appearing
and “January 1, 1992” for “January 1, 1991”
wherever appearing.
1989 — Subsec. (a)(1)(B). Pub. L. 101-239, Sec.
7110(b)(2)(A), amended subpar. (B) generally. Prior to amendment,
subpar. (B) read as follows: “the base period research expenses,
and”.
Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 101-239, Sec. 7110(b)((c)),
added par. (4).
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 101-239, Sec.
7110(b)(1), substituted “Base amount” for “Base
period research expenses” in heading and amended text generally,
substituting pars. (1) to (5) for former pars. (1) to (3) which defined “base
period research expenses” and “base period” and
prescribed minimum base period research expenses.
Subsec. (e)(7)(C)(ii). Pub. L. 101-239, Sec.
7110(b)(2)(B), substituted “base amount” for “base
period research expenses”.
Subsec. (f)(1)(A)(ii), (B)(ii). Pub. L. 101-239, Sec.
7110(b)(2)(C), substituted “proportionate shares of the qualified
research expenses and basic research payments” for “proportionate
share of the increase in qualified research expenses” in clauses
(A)(ii) and (B)(ii).
Subsec. (f)(3)(A). Pub. L. 101-239, Sec.
7110(b)(2)(D), substituted “December 31, 1983” for “June
30, 1980” and inserted before period at end “, and the
gross receipts of the taxpayer for such periods shall be increased
by so much of the gross receipts of such predecessor with respect
to the acquired trade or business as is attributable to such portion”.
Subsec. (f)(3)(B). Pub. L. 101-239, Sec.
7110(b)(2)(E), substituted “December 31, 1983” for “June
30, 1980” in introductory provisions and inserted before period
at end “, and the gross receipts of the taxpayer for such periods
shall be decreased by so much of the gross receipts as is attributable
to such portion”.
Subsec. (f)(3)(C). Pub. L. 101-239, Sec.
7110(b)(2)(F), substituted “Certain reimbursements taken into
account in determining fixed-base percentage” for “Increase
in base period” in heading, “for the taxable years taken
into account in computing the fixed-base percentage shall be increased
by the lesser of” for “for the base period for such taxable
year shall be increased by the lesser of” in introductory provisions,
and new cls. (i) and (ii) for former cls. (i) and (ii) which read
as follows:
“(i) the amount of the decrease under subparagraph
(B) which is allocable to such base period, or
“(ii) the product of the number of years
in the base period, multiplied by the amount of the reimbursement
described in this subparagraph.”
Subsec. (f)(4). Pub. L. 101-239, Sec.
7110(b)(2)(G), inserted “and gross receipts” after “qualified
research expenses”.
Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 101-239, Sec.
7814(e)(2)(C), struck subsec. (h) and redesignated subsec. (i) as
(h). Before being struck, former subsec. (h) read as follows:
“(h) Election To Have Research Credit Not
Apply.—
“(1) In General.—A taxpayer may elect
to have this section not apply for any taxable year.
“(2) Time For Making Election.—An election
under paragraph (1) for any taxable year may be made (or revoked)
at any time before the expiration of the 3-year period beginning on
the last day prescribed by law for filing the return for such taxable
year (determined without regard to extensions).
“(3) Manner Of Making Election.—An
election under paragraph (1) (or revocation thereof) shall be made
in such manner as the Secretary may by regulations prescribe.”
Subsec. (h)(1). Pub. L. 101-239, Sec.
7110(a)(1)(A), substituted “December 31, 1990” for “December
31, 1989”.
Subsec. (h)(2). Pub. L. 101-239, Sec.
7110(a)(1), substituted “January 1, 1991” for “January
1, 1990” in two places and substituted “December 31, 1990”
for “December 31, 1989”.
Pub.
L. 101-239, Sec. 7110(b)(2)(H), substituted “base
amount” for “base period expenses” in heading and “the
base amount with respect to such taxable year shall be the amount
which bears the same ratio to the base amount for such year (determined
without regard to this paragraph)” for “any amount for
any base period with respect to such taxable year shall be the amount
which bears the same ratio to such amount for such base period”
in text.
Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 101-239, Sec.
7814(e)(2)(C), redesignated subsec. (i) as (h).
1988 — Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 100-647, Sec.
1002(h)(1), inserted at end “If the amount determined under
subsection (a) for any taxable year exceeds the limitation of the
preceding sentence, such amount may be carried to other taxable years
under the rules of section 39; except that the limitation of the preceding
sentence shall be taken into account in lieu of the limitation of
section 38(c) in applying section 39.”
Subsec. (h)–(i). Pub. L. 100-647, Sec.
4008(b)(1), redesignated subsec. (h) as (i) and added new subsec.
(h).
Pub. L.
100-647, Sec. 4007(a), substituted “1989”
and “1990” for “1988” and “1989”,
respectively, wherever appearing in subsec. (h), prior to redesignation
as subsec. (i) by Pub.
L. 100-647, Sec. 4008(b)(1).
1986 — Pub. L. 99-514, Sec. 231(d)(2),
renumbered section 30 of this title as this section.
Subsec. (a). Pub.
L. 99-514, Sec. 231(c)(1), amended subsec. (a) generally.
Prior to amendment, subsec. (a) read as follows:
“(a) There shall be allowed as a credit against
the tax imposed by this chapter for the taxable year an amount equal
to 25 percent of the excess (if any) of—
“(1) the qualified research expenses for
the taxable year, over
“(2) the base period research expenses.”
Subsec. (b)(2)(A)(iii). Pub. L. 99-514, Sec. 231(e),
amended cl. (iii) generally. Prior to amendment, cl. (iii) read as
follows: “any amount paid or incurred to another person for
the right to use personal property in the conduct of qualified research.”
Subsec. (b)(2)(D)(iii). Pub. L. 99-514, Sec. 1847(b)(1),
substituted “targeted jobs credit” for “new jobs
or WIN credit” in heading.
Subsec. (d). Pub.
L. 99-514, Sec. 231(b), inserted “defined”
in heading and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read
as follows: “For purposes of this section the term ‘qualified
research' has the same meaning as the term research or experimental
has under section 174, except that such term shall not include—
“(1) qualified research conducted outside
the United States,
“(2) qualified research in the social sciences
or humanities, and
“(3) qualified research to the extent funded
by any grant, contract, or otherwise by another person (or any governmental
entity).”
Subsec. (e). Pub.
L. 99-514, Sec. 231(c)(2), amended subsec. (e) generally,
substituting “Credit allowable with respect to certain payments
to qualified organizations for basic research” for “Credit
available with respect to certain basic research by colleges, universities,
and certain research organizations” in heading, and restating
and expanding provisions of former pars. (1) to (4) into new pars.
(1) to (7).
Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 99-514,
Sec. 231(d)(3)(C)(ii), amended subsec. (g) generally, substituting
provisions relating to special rule for pass-thru of credit for provisions
relating to limitation on amount of credit for research based on amount
of tax liability.
Subsec. (h). Pub.
L. 99-514, Sec. 231(a)(1), added subsec. (h).
1984 — Pub. L. 98-369, Sec. 471(c),
renumbered section 44F of this title as this section.
Subsec. (b)(2)(D)(iii). Pub. L. 98-369, Sec.
474(i)(1)(A), substituted “in determining the targeted jobs
credit under section 51(a)” for “in computing the credit
under section 40 or 44B”.
Subsec. (g)(1)(A). Pub. L. 98-369, Sec. 612(e)(1),
substituted “section 26(b)” for “section 25(b)”.
Pub.
L. 98-369, Sec. 474(i)(1)(B), amended subpar. (A)
generally, substituting “shall not exceed the taxpayer's tax
liability for the taxable year (as defined in section 25(b)), reduced
by the sum of the credits allowable under subpart A and sections 27,
28, and 29” for “shall not exceed the amount of the tax
imposed by this chapter reduced by the sum of the credits allowable
under a section of this part having a lower number or letter designation
than this section, other than the credits allowable by sections 31,
39, and 43. For purposes of the preceding sentence, the term ‘tax
imposed by this chapter’ shall not include any tax treated as not
imposed by this chapter under the last sentence of section 53(a)”.
1983 — Subsec. (b)(2)(A). Pub. L. 97-448, Sec. 102(h)(2),
inserted provision that cl. (iii) would not apply to any amount to
the extent that the taxpayer (or any person with whom the taxpayer
must aggregate expenditures under subsection (f)(1)) received or accrued
any amount from any other person for the right to use substantially
identical personal property.
1982 — Subsec. (f)(2)(A). Pub. L. 97-354, Sec. 5(a)(3)(A),
substituted “Pass-thru in the case of estates and trusts”
for “Pass-through in the case of subchapter S corporations,
etc.” in subpar. heading, and substituted provisions relating
to the applicability of rules similar to rules of subsec. (d) of section
52 for provisions relating to the applicability of rules similar to
rules of subsecs. (d) and (e) of section 52.
Subsec. (g)(1)(B)(iv). Pub. L. 97-354, Sec. 5(a)(3)(B),
substituted “an S corporation” for “an electing
small business corporation (within the meaning of section 1371(b))”.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2022 AMENDMENTS
Amendments by Pub.
L. 117-169, Sec. 13902(a)(1), (2), (c), effective
for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2022.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2018 AMENDMENTS
Amendments by Pub. L.
115-141, Div. U, Sec. 101(c), effective as if included in
the provisions of the Protecting Americans from Tax Hikes Act of 2015
to which they relate [Pub. L. 114-113,
Div. Q, Sec. 121, effective for taxable years beginning after Dec.
31, 2015].
Amendments by Pub. L.
115-141, Div. U, Sec. 401(b)(6), effective March 23, 2018.
Sec. 401(e) of Pub. L.
115-141, Div. U, provided the following savings provision:
“(e) General Savings Provision With Respect
To Deadwood Provisions.—If—
“(1) any provision amended or repealed by
the amendments made by subsection (b) or (d) applied to—
“(A) any transaction occurring before the
date of the enactment of this Act,
“(B) any property acquired before such date
of enactment, or
“(C) any item of income, loss, deduction,
or credit taken into account before such date of enactment, and
“(2) the treatment of such transaction, property,
or item under such provision would (without regard to the amendments
or repeals made by such subsection) affect the liability for tax for
periods ending after such date of enactment,
nothing in the amendments or repeals made by this
section shall be construed to affect the treatment of such transaction,
property, or item for purposes of determining liability for tax for
periods ending after such date of enactment.”
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2017 AMENDMENTS
Amendment by Pub.
L. 115-97, Sec. 11002(d)(1)(F), (d)(2), effective for taxable
years beginning after December 31, 2017.
Amendment by Pub.
L. 115-97, Sec. 13206(d)(1), effective for amounts paid
or incurred in taxable years beginning after December 31, 2021.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2015 AMENDMENTS
Amendment by Pub. L.
114-113, Div. Q, Sec. 121(a)(1), effective for amounts paid
or incurred after December 31, 2014.
Amendment by Pub. L.
114-113, Div. Q, Sec. 121(c)(1), effective for taxable years
beginning after December 31, 2015.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2014 AMENDMENT
Amendment by Pub.
L. 113-295, Div. A, Sec. 111(a), effective for amounts
paid or incurred after December 31, 2013.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2013 AMENDMENTS
Amendments by Sec. 301(a)(1) of Pub. L. 112-240 effective for amounts
paid or incurred after December 31, 2011.
Amendments by Sec. 301(b) and (c) of Pub. L. 112-240 effective for taxable
years beginning after December 31, 2011.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2010 AMENDMENT
Amendment by Sec. 731(a) of Pub. L. 111-312 effective for amounts
paid or incurred after December 31, 2009.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2008 AMENDMENTS
Amendment by Sec. 301(a) of Div. C of Pub. L. 110-343 effective for amounts
paid or incurred after December 31, 2007.
Amendments by Sec. 301(b)–(d) of Div. C of Pub. L. 1110-343 effective for
taxable years beginning after December 31, 2007.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2007 AMENDMENTS
Amendments by Sec. 6(c) and 11(e)(2) of Pub. L. 110-172 effective as if
included in the provisions of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 [Pub. L. 109-58, Sec. 1351] to
which they relate.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2006 AMENDMENTS
Amendment by Sec. 104(a)(1) of Pub. L. 109-432 effective for amounts
paid or incurred after December 31, 2005.
Amendments by Sec. 104(b) of Pub. L. 109-432 effective for taxable
years ending after December 31, 2006. Sec. 104(b)(3) of Pub. L. 109-432 provided the following
transition rule:
“(3) Transition Rule.—
“(A) In General.—In the case of a specified
transitional taxable year for which an election under section 41(c)(4) of the Internal Revenue Code of
1986 applies, the credit determined under section 41(a)(1) of such
Code shall be equal to the sum of—
“(i) the applicable 2006 percentage multiplied
by the amount determined under section 41(c)(4)(A) of such Code (as
in effect for taxable years ending on December 31, 2006), plus
“(ii) the applicable 2007 percentage multiplied
by the amount determined under section 41(c)(4)(A) of such Code (as
in effect for taxable years ending on January 1, 2007).
“(B) Definitions.—For purposes of subparagraph
(A)—
“(i) Specified Transitional Taxable Year.—The
term ‘specified transitional taxable year’ means any taxable year
which ends after December 31, 2006, and which includes such date.
“(ii) Applicable 2006 Percentage.—The
term ‘applicable 2006 percentage’ means the number of days in the
specified transitional taxable year before January 1, 2007, divided
by the number of days in such taxable year.
“(iii) Applicable 2007 Percentage.—The
term ‘applicable 2007 percentage’ means the number of days in the
specified transitional taxable year after December 31, 2006, divided
by the number of days in such taxable year.”
Amendments by Sec. 104(c)(1) of Pub. L. 109-432 effective for taxable
years ending after December 31, 2006. Sec 104(c)(2) of Pub. L. 109-432 provided the following
transition rule:
“(2) Transition Rule For Deemed Revocation
Of Election Of Alternative Incremental Credit.—In the case of
an election under section 41(c)(4)
of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 which applies to the
taxable year which includes January 1, 2007, such election shall be
treated as revoked with the consent of the Secretary of the Treasury
if the taxpayer makes an election under section 41(c)(5) of such Code
(as added by this subsection) for such year.”
Sec. 104(c)(4) of Pub.
L. 109-432 provided the following transition rule:
“(4) Transition Rule For Noncalendar Taxable
Years.—
“(A) In General.—In the case of a specified
transitional taxable year for which an election under section 41(c)(5) of the Internal Revenue Code of
1986 (as added by this subsection) applies, the credit determined
under section 41(a)(1) of such Code shall be equal to the sum of—
“(i) the applicable 2006 percentage multiplied
by the amount determined under section 41(a)(1) of such Code (as in
effect for taxable years ending on December 31, 2006), plus
“(ii) the applicable 2007 percentage multiplied
by the amount determined under section 41(c)(5) of such Code (as in
effect for taxable years ending on January 1, 2007).
“(B) Definitions And Special Rules.—For
purposes of subparagraph (A)—
“(i) Definitions.—Terms used in this
paragraph which are also used in subsection (b)(3) shall have the
respective meanings given such terms in such subsection.
“(ii) Dual Elections Permitted.—Elections
under paragraphs (4) and (5) of section 41(c) of such Code may both
apply for the specified transitional taxable year.
“(iii) Deferral Of Deemed Election Revocation.—Any
election under section 41(c)(4) of
the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 treated as revoked under
paragraph (2) shall be treated as revoked for the taxable year after
the specified transitional taxable year.”
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2005 AMENDMENTS
Amendments by Sec. 402 of Pub. L. 109-135 effective as if
included in the provisions of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 [Pub. L. 109-58, Sec. 1351] to
which they relate [Effective Aug. 8, 2005].
Amendments by Sec. 1351 of Pub. L. 109-58 effective for amounts
paid or incurred after the date of the enactment of this Act [Enacted:
Aug. 8, 2005], in taxable years ending after such date.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 2004 AMENDMENT
Amendment by Sec. 401(a)(1) of Pub. L. 108-311 effective for amounts
paid or incurred after June 30, 2004.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1999 AMENDMENTS
Amendments by Sec. 502(a) of Pub. L. 106-170 effective for amounts
paid or incurred after June 30, 1999.
Amendments by Sec. 502(b) of Pub. L. 106-170 effective for taxable
years beginning after June 30, 1999.
Amendments by Sec. 502(c) of Pub. L. 106-170 effective generally
for amounts paid or incurred after June 30, 1999.
Sec. 502(d) of Pub.
L. 106-170 provided that:
“(d) Special Rule.—
“(1) In General.—For purposes of the
Internal Revenue Code of 1986, the credit determined under section
41 of such Code which is otherwise allowable under such Code—
“(A) shall not be taken into account prior
to October 1, 2000, to the extent such credit is attributable to the
first suspension period, and
“(B) shall not be taken into account prior
to October 1, 2001, to the extent such credit is attributable to the
second suspension period.
“On or after the earliest date that an amount
of credit may be taken into account, such amount may be taken into
account through the filing of an amended return, an application for
expedited refund, an adjustment of estimated taxes, or other means
allowed by such Code.
“(2) Suspension Periods.—For purposes
of this subsection—
“(A) the first suspension period is the period
beginning on July 1, 1999, and ending on September 30, 2000, and
“(B) the second suspension period is the
period beginning on October 1, 2000, and ending on September 30, 2001.
“(3) Expedited Refunds.—
“(A) In General.—If there is an overpayment
of tax with respect to a taxable year by reason of paragraph (1),
the taxpayer may file an application for a tentative refund of such
overpayment. Such application shall be in such manner and form, and
contain such information, as the Secretary may prescribe.
“(B) Deadline For Applications.—Subparagraph
(A) shall apply only to an application filed before the date which
is 1 year after the close of the suspension period to which the application
relates.
“(C) Allowance Of Adjustments.—Not
later than 90 days after the date on which an application is filed
under this paragraph, the Secretary shall—
“(i) review the application,
“(ii) determine the amount of the overpayment,
and
“(iii) apply, credit, or refund such overpayment,
in a manner similar to the manner provided in section 6411(b) of such
Code.
“(D) Consolidated Returns.—The provisions
of section 6411(c) of such Code shall apply to an adjustment under
this paragraph in such manner as the Secretary may provide.
“(4) Credit Attributable To Suspension Period.—
“(A) In General.—For purposes of this
subsection, in the case of a taxable year which includes a portion
of the suspension period, the amount of credit determined under section
41 of such Code for such taxable year which is attributable to such
period is the amount which bears the same ratio to the amount of credit
determined under such section 41 for such taxable year as the number
of months in the suspension period which are during such taxable year
bears to the number of months in such taxable year.
“(B) Waiver Of Estimated Tax Penalties.—No
addition to tax shall be made under section 6654 or 6655 of such Code
for any period before July 1, 1999, with respect to any underpayment
of tax imposed by such Code to the extent such underpayment was created
or increased by reason of subparagraph (A).
“(5) Secretary.—For purposes of this
subsection, the term ‘Secretary' means the Secretary of the
Treasury (or such Secretary's delegate).”
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1998 AMENDMENTS
Amendments by Sec. 1001(a) of Pub. L. 105-277 effective for amounts
paid or incurred after June 30, 1998.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1997 AMENDMENTS
Amendments by Sec. 601 of Pub. L. 105-34 effective for amounts
paid or incurred after May 31, 1997.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1996 AMENDMENT
Sec. 1201(g) of Pub.
L. 104-188, provided that: “The amendments
made by this section shall apply to individuals who begin work for
the employer after September 30, 1996.”
Sec. 1204(f) of Pub.
L. 104-188, provided that: “Except as provided
in paragraph (2), the amendments made by this section shall apply
to taxable years ending after June 30, 1996.
“(2) Subsections (c) And
(d).—The amendments made by subsections (c) and (d) shall apply
to taxable years beginning after June 30, 1996.
“(3) Estimated Tax.—The
amendments made by this section shall not be taken into account under
section 6654 or 6655 of the Internal Revenue
Code of 1986 (relating to failure to pay estimated tax)
in determining the amount of any installment required to be paid for
a taxable year beginning in 1997.”
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1993 AMENDMENT
The amendments made by sections 13112 and 13201
of Pub. L. 103-66 shall
apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1993.
Amendment by section 13111 of Pub. L. 103-66 shall apply to taxable
years ending after June 30, 1992.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1991 AMENDMENT
Amendment by section 102 of Pub. L. 102-227 applicable to taxable
years ending after December 31, 1991.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1990 AMENDMENT
Amendment by section 11101(d)(1)(C) of Pub. L. 101-508 applicable to taxable
years beginning after Dec. 31, 1990, see section 11101(e) of Pub. L. 101-508, set out as a note
under section 1 of this title.
Amendment by section 11402(a) of Pub. L. 101-508 applicable to taxable
years beginning after Dec. 31, 1989, see section 11402(c) of Pub. L. 101-508, set out as a note
under section 28 of this title.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1989 AMENDMENT
Section 7110(e) of Pub.
L. 101-239 provided that: “The amendments made
by this section (amending this section and sections 28, 174, 196,
and 280C of this title) (other than subsection (a) (amending this
section and section 28 of this title)) shall apply to taxable years
beginning after December 31, 1989.”
Amendment by section 7814(e)(2)(C) of Pub. L. 101-239 effective, except
as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Technical
and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988, Pub.
L. 100-647, to which such amendment relates, see
section 7817 of Pub. L. 101-239,
set out as a note under section 1 of this title.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1988 AMENDMENT
Amendment by section 1002(h)(1) of Pub. L. 100-647 effective, except
as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax
Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99-514,
to which such amendment relates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100-647, set out as a note
under section 1 of this title.
Section 4008(d) of Pub.
L. 100-647 provided that: “The amendments made
by this section (amending this section and sections 28, 196, 280C,
and 6501 of this title) shall apply to taxable years beginning after
December 31, 1988.”
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1986 AMENDMENT
Section 231(g) of Pub.
L. 99-514 provided that:
“(1) In General.—Except as provided
in this subsection (2), the amendments made by this section (amending
this section and sections 28, 38, 39, 108, 170, 280C, 381, 936, 6411,
and 6511 of this title, renumbering former section 30 of this title
as this section, and enacting and amending provisions set out as notes
under this section) shall apply to taxable years beginning after December
31, 1985.
“(2) Subsection (a).—The amendments
made by subsection (a) (amending this section and provisions set out
as a note under this section) shall apply to taxable years ending
after December 31, 1985.
“(3) Basic Research.—Section 41(a)(2) of the Internal Revenue Code of
1986 (as added by this section), and the amendments made by subsection
(c)(2) (amending this section), shall apply to taxable years beginning
after December 31, 1986.”
Amendment by section 1847(b)(1) of Pub. L. 99-514 effective, except
as otherwise provided, as if included in the provisions of the Tax
Reform Act of 1984, Pub. L. 98-369,
div. A, to which such amendment relates, see section 1881 of Pub. L. 99-514, set out as a note
under section 48 of this title.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1984 AMENDMENT
Amendment by section 474(i)(1) of Pub. L. 98-369 applicable to taxable
years beginning after Dec. 31, 1983, and to carrybacks from such years,
see section 475(a) of Pub. L. 98-369,
set out as a note under section 21 of this title.
Amendment by section 612(e)(1) of Pub. L. 98-369 applicable to interest
paid or accrued after Dec. 31, 1984, on indebtedness incurred after
Dec. 31, 1984, see section 612(g) of Pub.
L. 98-369, set out as an Effective Date note under
section 25 of this title.
Section 474(I)(2) of Pub.
L. 98-369 provided that “(2) New Section 30
Treated As Continuation Of Old Section 44F. For purposes of determining
(A) whether any excess credit under old section 44F for a taxable
year beginning before January 1, 1984, is allowable as a carryover
under new section 30, and (B) the period during which new section
30 is in effect, new section 30 shall be treated as a continuation
of old section 44F (and shall apply only to the extent old section
44F would have applied).”
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1983 AMENDMENT
Section 102(h)(2) of Pub.
L. 97-448 provided that the amendment made by that
section is effective only with respect to amounts paid or incurred
after March 31, 1982.
EFFECTIVE DATE OF 1982 AMENDMENT
Amendment by Pub.
L. 97-354 applicable to taxable years beginning after
Dec. 31, 1982, see section 6(a) of Pub.
L. 97-354, set out as an Effective Date note under
section 1361 of this title.
EFFECTIVE DATE
Section 221(d) of Pub.
L. 97-34, as amended by Pub. L. 99-514, Sec. 2, title II,
Sec. 231(a)(2), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, 2173, provided that:
“(1) In General.—The amendments made
by this section (enacting this section of amending sections 55, 381,
383, 6096, 6411, and 6511 of this title) shall apply to amounts paid
or incurred after June 30, 1981.
“(2) Transitional Rule.—
“(A) In General.—If, with respect to
the first taxable year to which the amendments made by this section
apply and which ends in 1981 or 1982, the taxpayer may only take into
account qualified research expenses paid or incurred during a portion
of such taxable year, the amount of the qualified research expenses
taken into account for the base period of such taxable year shall
be the amount which bears the same ratio to the total qualified research
expenses for such base period as the number of months in such portion
of such taxable year bears to the total number of months in such taxable
year.
“(B) Definitions.—For purposes of the
preceding sentence, the terms ‘qualified research expenses’ and ‘base
period’ have the meanings given to such terms by section 44F (now
41) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (formerly I.R.C. 1954) (as added by this
section).”
RESEARCH CREDIT ELECTIONS
Section 123 of Pub.
L. 109-432 provided that:
“(a) Research Credit Elections.—In
the case of any taxable year ending after December 31, 2005, and before
the date of the enactment of this Act, any election under section
41(c)(4) or section 280C(c)(3)(C)
of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 shall be treated as
having been timely made for such taxable year if such election is
made not later than the later of April 15, 2007, or such time as the
Secretary of the Treasury, or his designee, may specify. Such election
shall be made in the manner prescribed by such Secretary or designee.
“(b) Other Elections.—Except as otherwise
provided by such Secretary or designee, a rule similar to the rule
of subsection (a) shall apply with respect to elections under any
other expired provision of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 the applicability
of which is extended by reason of the amendments made by this title.”
SPECIAL RULES FOR TAXABLE YEARS BEGINNING BEFORE
OCT. 1, 1990, AND ENDING AFTER SEPT. 30, 1990
Section 7110(a)(2) of Pub.
L. 101-239, which set forth the method of determining
the amount treated as qualified research expenses for taxable years
beginning before Oct. 1, 1990, and ending after Sept. 30, 1990, was
repealed by Pub. L. 101-508,
title XI, Sec. 11402(b)(1), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388-473, as amended
by Pub. L. 104-188,
Sec. 1702(d)(1), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1755, effective for taxable
years ending after Dec. 31, 1989.
STUDY AND REPORT ON CREDIT PROVIDED BY THIS
SECTION
Section 4007(b) of Pub.
L. 100-647 provided that:
“(1) In General.—The Comptroller General
of the United States shall conduct a study of the credit provided
by section 41 of the 1986 Code.
“(2) Report.—The report of the study
under paragraph (1) shall be submitted not later than December 31,
1989, to the Committee on Ways and Means of the House of Representatives
and the Committee on Finance of the Senate.”
PLAN AMENDMENTS NOT REQUIRED UNTIL JANUARY 1,
1989
For provisions directing that if any amendments
made by subtitle A or subtitle C of title XI (Sec. 1101–1147
and 1171–1177) or title XVIII (Sec. 1800–1899A) of Pub. L. 99-514 require an amendment
to any plan, such plan amendment shall not be required to be made
before the first plan year beginning on or after Jan. 1, 1989, see
section 1140 of Pub. L. 99-514,
as amended, set out as a note under section 401 of this title.
NEW SECTION 41 TREATED AS CONTINUATION OF OLD
SECTION 44F
Section 474(i)(2) of Pub.
L. 98-369 provided that: “For purposes of determining—
“(A) whether any excess credit under old
section 44F (now 41) for a taxable year beginning before January 1,
1984, is allowable as a carryover under new section 30 (now 41), and
“‘(B) the period during which new section
30 (now 41) is in effect, new section 30 (now 41) shall be treated
as a continuation of old section 44F (and shall apply only to the
extent old section 44F would have applied).”
PRIOR PROVISIONS
A prior section 41, added Pub. L. 97-34, title III, Sec. 331(a),
Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 289, Sec. 44G; amended Pub. L. 97-448, title I, Sec. 103(g)(1),
Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2379; renumbered Sec. 41 and amended Pub. L. 98-369, div. A, title I,
Sec. 14, title IV, Sec. 471(c), 474(l), 491(e)(2), (3), July 18, 1984,
98 Stat. 505, 826, 833, 852, 853, which related to employee stock
ownership credit, was repealed by Pub.
L. 99-514, title XI, Sec. 1171(a), Oct. 22, 1986,
100 Stat. 2513, applicable to compensation paid or accrued after Dec.
31, 1986, in taxable years ending after such date, except as otherwise
provided, see section 1171(c) of Pub.
L. 99-514, set out as an Effective Date of 1986 Amendment
note under section 38 of this title. For transition rules relating
to such repeal, see section 1177 of Pub.
L. 99-514, set out as a Transition Rules note under
section 38 of this title.
Another prior section 41 was renumbered section
24 of this title.